When reintroducing a food after eliminating it, some resources list a change in heart rate about 10 minutes after eating the food as an indication that the food might be a problem. Do you agree? I haven’t heard you mention this.

Chris Kresser:  Certainly it could be. I mean, that’s a sign of a stress response, right? Like a fight or flight, sympathetic arousal, which could happen. It’s not common in my experience, but it’s one. I mean, certainly shortness of breath or palpitations, which is just awareness of heartbeat, are not uncommon for food intolerances.